Sociological Perspectives on Globalization and Interconnectedness

1. Who is, regarded as the founder of sociology?
Ans. “Auguste Comte “..

2. What is, the sociological term for the expected behaviours associated with a given status, in society?
Ans. “Role”..

3. Which sociological perspective views society as a system of interconnected parts, that work together, to maintain stability?
Ans. “Functionalism”..

4. What term refers, to the process, by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society?
Ans. “Socialization”..

5. Who did introduce, the concept of the (looking-glass self).?
Ans. “Charles Horton Cooley”..

6. According to Max Weber, what is, the sociological term, for a rational calculation, that attempts to maximize efficiency?
Ans. “Rationalization”..

7. What is, the sociological term for the tendency to view one’s own culture and group as superior to others?
Ans. “Ethnocentrism”..

8. Which sociological perspective focuses on the ways, in which power ,and inequality shape society?
Ans. “Conflict theory”..
9. Who did coin the term (the sociological imagination).?
Ans. “C. Wright Mills”..

10. What is, the term for a group of people, who share a common: culture, language, religion, and history?
Ans. “Ethnic group”..

11. Which sociological perspective emphasizes the importance of symbols, and language in shaping social reality?
Ans. “Symbolic interactionism”..

12. What is, the term for a system of beliefs, and practices related ,to sacred things, that unite a community?
Ans. “Religion”..

13. Who did develop the concept of (anomie) to describe a sense of normlessness, that results from rapid social change?
Ans. “Émile Durkheim”..

14. What term refers, to the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women?
Ans. “Gender inequality”..

15. Which sociological perspective, would be most likely to focus, on how individuals interpret, and experience social life?
Ans. “Symbolic interactionism”..
16. What is, the sociological term, for the process, by which individuals and groups attempt to create a favorable image of themselves, in the eyes of others?
Ans. “Impression management”..

17. Who is regarded for his theory of social exchange, which emphasizes the rational calculation of rewards and costs in social interactions?
Ans. “George Homans”..

18. What is, the term for a group of people who share a similar economic position in society based on income, wealth, and occupation?
Ans. “Social class”..

19. Which sociological perspective, would be most interested in studying ,how social institutions reinforce patterns of inequality ,and privilege?
Ans. “Conflict theory”.
20. Who did introduce the concept of the (iron cage), to describe, the dehumanizing effects of bureaucracy?
Ans. “Max Weber”..

21. What is, the term for a set of beliefs and practices based on the idea ,that one’s own culture is superior to others?
Ans. “Cultural imperialism”..

22. Which sociological perspective focuses, on the ways, in which individuals, and groups create meaning, through interaction, and communication?
Ans. “Symbolic interactionism”..

23. What is, the term for the systematic study of society, and human social behaviour?
Ans. “Sociology”..

24. Who did develop the concept of the (McDonaldization), of society to describe the increasing rationalization, and efficiency of social institutions?
Ans. “George Ritzer”..

25. What is, the sociological term, for the process, by which new members of a society learn the norms, and values of that society?
Ans. “Socialization”..

26. Which sociological, perspective emphasizes, the ways, in which social institutions shape individual behaviour, and experiences,?
Ans. “Structural functionalism”..

27. What term, refers, to the ability ,to see the connections, between personal troubles, and larger social issues,?
Ans. “Sociological imagination”..

28. Who did coin ,the term (stereotype), to describe oversimplified beliefs, about members of a social group,?
Ans. “Walter Lippmann”..

29. What is, the term, for the systematic killing, of one group of people, by another group?
Ans. “Genocide”..

30. Which sociological, perspective focuses, on the ways, in which individuals, and groups resist, and challenge dominant social structures?
Ans. “Critical theory”..
31. Who did  develop, the concept, of the (glass ceiling), to describe the invisible barriers, that prevent women, and minorities from advancing, in the workplace?
Ans. “Feminist sociologists”..

32. What is, the term ,for the process, by which cultural traits, are transmitted, from one generation to the next?
Ans. “Cultural reproduction”..

33. Which sociological ,perspective focuses, on the ways, in which individuals construct their identities, through social interactions?
Ans. “Symbolic interactionism”..

34. Who did introduce, the concept of (cultural capital), to describe the cultural knowledge, and symbolic resources, that people use to gain social advantage?
Ans. “Pierre Bourdieu”..

35. What is, the term, for a negative attitude, or feeling toward, an entire category of people, often based on stereotypes?
Ans. “Prejudice”..

36. Which sociological, perspective emphasizes the ways, in which social institutions can be dysfunctional, and harmful to society?
Ans. “Conflict theory”..

37. What is, the term, for a set of beliefs, and practices related, to the supernatural, that often involves rituals, and ceremonies?
Ans. “Religion”..

38. Who is regarded, for his theory of social constructionism, which argues, that reality, is socially constructed, through language, and communication?
Ans. “Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann”..

39. What is, the term, for the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and rewards among members of a society?
Ans. “Social inequality”..

40. Which sociological perspective, would be most interested, in studying how social norms, and values shape individual behaviour, and experiences?
Ans. “Structural functionalism”..

41. Who did develop, the concept ,of the (power elite), to describe the small group of individuals, who hold disproportionate power, and influence in society?
Ans. “C. Wright Mills”..

42. What is, the term, for a group of people, who share a similar cultural background, and social status?
Ans. “Social group”..

43. Which sociological, perspective focuses, on the ways, in which individuals, and groups use symbols to communicate, and create shared meanings?
Ans. “Symbolic interactionism”..

44. What term, refers, to the belief that one’s own culture is normal, and natural, while other cultures, are strange, or inferior?
Ans. “Cultural relativism”..
45. Who did introduce, the concept of (intersectionality), to describe how various social categories intersect, and interact to shape individual experiences of privilege, and oppression?
Ans. “Kimberlé Crenshaw”..

46. What is, the term, for the process, by which individuals actively select, interpret, and modify information to fit with their existing beliefs and values?
Ans. “Cognitive dissonance”..

47. Who did develop, the concept of (agency), to describe individuals’ capacity to act independently, and make their own choices within social structures?
Ans.  “Anthony Giddens”..

48. What is, the term, for a social group characterized, by intimate, long-term, face-to-face interaction, and strong emotional ties?
Ans. “Primary group”..

49. Which sociological, perspective emphasizes, the ways, in which social institutions maintain, and reproduce patterns of inequality, and privilege?
Ans. “Critical theory”..

50. Who did introduce, the concept, of (habitus), to describe the ingrained habits, skills, and dispositions that individuals acquire, through socialization?
Ans. “Pierre Bourdieu”..

51. What is, the term, for a form of social organization characterized, by hierarchical structures, formal rules, and impersonal relationships?
Ans. “Bureaucracy”..

52. Which sociological, perspective focuses, on the ways in which individuals actively interpret, and negotiate meaning, through language, and symbols?
Ans. “Interactionist perspective”.,

53. What term, refers to the deliberate, systematic extermination, of a racial, political, or cultural group?
Ans. “Ethnic cleansing”..

54. Who did introduce, the concept of (moral panic), to describe exaggerated fears, about a social issue or group, often fuelled, by the media?
Ans. “Stanley Cohen”..

55. What is, the term ,for the tendency, to judge other cultures, by the standards of one’s own culture?
Ans. “Ethnocentrism”..

56. Which sociological, perspective emphasizes, the ways in which individuals, and groups actively create, and maintain social order, through shared meanings, and symbols?
Ans. “Symbolic interactionism”..

57. What term, refers, to the process, by which individuals learn ,and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a culture?
Ans. “Socialization”..

58. Who did introduce, the concept ,of (status inconsistency”),to describe the situation, in which an individual holds contradictory social statuses?
Ans. “Gerhard Lenski”..

59. What is, the term ,for the systematic study of human populations, including their size, composition, and distribution,?
Ans. “Demography”..

60. Which sociological, perspective focuses, on the ways in which social structures, and institutions shape individual behaviour, and opportunities,?
Ans. “Structural functionalism”..
61. Who did introduce, the concept, of (liquid modernity), to describe the fluid, and unstable nature of contemporary social life, in the postmodern era?
Ans. “Zygmunt Bauman”..

62. What is, the term, for the process, by which individuals strategically present themselves in online environments, to manage impressions, and construct identities,?
Ans. “Digital self-presentation”..

63. Which sociological, perspective focuses, on the ways, in which individuals navigate, and negotiate social norms, and expectations within everyday interactions,?
Ans. “Microsociology”..
64. What term, refers, to the tendency to judge individuals based on stereotypes, and assumptions connected, with their perceived social category rather ,than their individual characteristics?
Ans. “Stereotype threat”..

65. Who did introduce, the concept of (emotional labor), to describe the management of emotions ,to meet the expectations of a job role?
Ans. “Arlie Hochschild”..

66. What is ,the term, for the process, by which formerly distinct cultures, economies, and societies become increasingly inter-connected, and interdependent,?
Ans. “Globalization”..

67. Which sociological, perspective emphasizes the ways, in which language shapes our perceptions of reality, and influences social interactions,
Ans. “Semiotics”..

68. What term, refers, to the unconscious biases, and prejudices, that influence our perceptions, attitudes, and behaviours toward members of certain social groups?
Ans. “Implicit bias”..

69. Who did introduce ,the concept of, (technological determinism), to describe the idea, that technology shapes society, and culture, rather than the other way around?
Ans. “Marshall McLuhan”..

70. What is, the term, for the process by which individuals, and groups resist dominant ideologies, and structures of power, through everyday actions, and practices?
Ans. “Everyday resistance”..

71. Which sociological ,perspective focuses, on the ways in which social institutions, and practices are gendered, reinforcing, and perpetuating inequalities between men and women?
Ans. “Feminist sociology”..

72. What term, refers, to the cultural, economic, and political dominance of Western societies, and values around the world?
Ans. “Westernization”..

73. Who did introduce, the concept of (racial formation), to describe the ways in which racial categories, are socially constructed, and transformed over time?
Ans. “Michael Omi and Howard Winant”..

74. What is, the term, for the process, by which individuals come to understand, and navigate their own social identities, in relation to others?
Ans. “Identity formation”..

75. Which sociological, perspective focuses, on the ways, in which individuals ,and groups use symbols, and language to create, and negotiate social reality?
Ans. “Symbolic interactionism”..

76. Who did introduce, the concept of, (intersectionality),to highlight how multiple social categories, such as race, class, gender, and sexuality, intersect, and interact to shape individual experiences of privilege, and oppression?
Ans. “Kimberlé Crenshaw”..

77. What is, the term, for the phenomenon, where individuals from different social backgrounds, form relationships, and integrate into mainstream society, leading to the blending of cultures?
Ans. “Cultural assimilation”..

78. Which sociological ,perspective emphasizes the ways, in which social institutions, and structures perpetuate systems ,of inequality, and oppression?
Ans. “Critical race theory”..

79. What term, refers, to the process, by which individuals from different cultural backgrounds adapt to the practices, and norms of the dominant culture,?
A:  “Acculturation”..

80. Who did introduce, the concept of, (the other), to describe how dominant groups construct, and perceive marginalized groups, as different, and inferior?
Ans. “Simone de Beauvoir”..

81. What is, the term, for the systematic discrimination, against older adults based on their age?
Ans. “Ageism”..

82 Which sociological ,perspective focuses, on the ways, in which individuals and groups resist, and challenge dominant social structures, through collective action?
Ans. “Social movement theory”..

83. What term, refers, to the process ,by which individuals internalize societal norms, and values, leading to the regulation of their behaviour,?
Ans. “Social control”..

84. Who did  introduce ,the concept of, (the sociological gaze), to describe the ability to see the social patterns, and structures that shape human behaviour, and interactions,?
Ans. “Howard S. Becker”..

85. What is, the term, for the practice of using qualitative research methods to understand, and interpret social phenomena from the perspective of those being studied?
Ans. “Ethnography”..

86. Which sociological ,perspective emphasizes, the ways, in which social structures, and institutions shape individual opportunities, and life chances?
Ans. “Structuration theory”..

87. What term ,refers, to the process, by which individuals, from different racial or ethnic backgrounds come together, to form a new, blended identit, and culture?
Ans. “Hybridity”..

88. Who did introduce, the concept of, (the racial contract), to describe the implicit agreement among members of society to maintain racial hierarchies, and privilege?
Ans. “Charles W. Mills”..

89. What is ,the term, for the process, by which individuals, and groups actively challenge, and resist dominant ideologies, and power structures?
Ans. “Counter hegemony”..

90. Which sociological, perspective focuses, on the ways in which social inequality is reproduced, and reinforced, through social institutions, and practices?
Ans. “Reproduction theory”..

91. Who did introduce, the concept of (disembedding), to describe the process, by which social relations become detached, from local contexts, and reorganized across vast distances, and timescales?
Ans. “Anthony Giddens”..

92. What is, the term, for the practice of using digital technologies to collect, analyze, and visualize large amounts of social data for sociological research purposes?
A: “Digital sociology”..

93. Which sociological, perspective focuses ,on the ways, in which individuals and groups use humour, and satire to critique ,and challenge social norms, and power structures,?
Ans. “Sociology of humour”..

94. What term, refers, to the phenomenon, where individuals experience a sense of disconnection, and alienation from society as a result of rapid social change, and globalization?
Ans. “Existential anomie”..

95. Who did introduce, the concept of (homophily), to describe the tendency of individuals ,to subordinate and bond with others, who are similar to themselves in terms of characteristics like, race, gender, and socioeconomic status?
Ans. “Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert K. Merton”..

96. What is, the term, for the process, by which individuals, and groups reinterpret, and give new meaning to cultural symbols, and practices in response to changing social conditions?
Ans. “Cultural bricolage”..

97. Which sociological ,perspective focuses, on the ways, in which individuals, and groups use creative expression, such as art, music, and literature, to challenge dominant ideologies, and create alternative forms of meaning, and identity?
Ans. “Sociology of culture”..

98. What term, refers, to the social phenomenon where individuals experience a sense of powerlessness and disillusionment as a result of living in a society characterized, by excessive bureaucracy, and rationalization?
Ans. “Iron cage syndrome”..

99. Who did introduce, the concept of (epistemic injustice), to describe the ways in which marginalized groups, are systematically denied the credibility, and authority, to speak about their own experiences, and knowledge?
Ans. “Miranda Fricker”..

100. What is, the term, for the process, by which individuals, and groups actively resist, and challenge dominant narratives, and representations, through the creation, and dissemination of alternative media ,and cultural forms?
Ans. “Subaltern counter publics”..

101. Who did coin, the term (sociology).?
Ans.  “Auguste Comte”..

102. What is, the study of society, social behaviour, and social institutions called?
A: “Sociology”..

103. What is, the term, for the shared beliefs, values, and practices ,that characterize a society?
Ans. “Culture”..

104. Who did develop, the theory of social constructionism?
Ans. “Peter Berger, and Thomas Luckmann”..

105. What term, describes the process, by which individuals learn, and internalize the norms, and values of their society?
Ans. “Socialization”..

106. Who is regarded, for his work , on the division of labor in society?
Ans. “Émile Durkheim”..

107. What is, the sociological term for a position within a social hierarchy, that carries certain expectations, and responsibilities?
Ans. “Status”..

108. Who did introduce, the concept, of the (double consciousness),?
Ans. “W.E.B. Du Bois”..

109. What is, the sociological term, for the process of categorizing, and labeling individuals ,or groups based on perceived differences?
Ans. Social categorization.

110. Who did develop, the theory of rationalization, and the iron cage of bureaucracy?
Ans. “Max Weber”..

111. What term, describes the process, by which individuals, and groups adjust their behaviour to fit in with societal norms?
Ans. “Conformity”..

112. Who did introduce, the concept of the (McDonaldization), of society?
Ans. “George Ritzer”..

113. What is, the term, for the systematic study of social behaviour, and human societies?
Ans. “Sociology”..

114. Who did develop, the concept of, (social facts),?
Ans. “Émile Durkheim”..

115. What term, refers, to the system of economic production, and exchange in a society?
Ans. “Mode of production”..

116. Who did coin, the term (social capital),?
Ans.  “Pierre Bourdieu”..

117. What is, the sociological term, for a shared understanding among members of a society regarding, what is considered appropriate behaviour?
Ans. “Social norms”..

118. Who did introduce, the concept of the (looking-glass self),?
Ans. “Charles Horton Cooley”..

119. What term, describes, the process by which societies transition, from traditional ways of living to more modern, industrialized forms?
Ans. “Modernization”..

120. Who did develop, the concept ,of the (power elite),?
Ans. “