Sociology: The Study of Human Society

51. What is, the term, for a form of social organization characterized, by hierarchical structures, formal rules, and impersonal relationships?

Ans. “Bureaucracy”..

 

52. Which sociological, perspective focuses, on the ways in which individuals actively interpret, and negotiate meaning, through language, and symbols?

Ans. “Interactionist perspective”.,

 

53. What term, refers to the deliberate, systematic extermination, of a racial, political, or cultural group?

Ans. “Ethnic cleansing”..

 

54. Who did introduce, the concept of (moral panic), to describe exaggerated fears, about a social issue or group, often fuelled, by the media?

Ans. “Stanley Cohen”..

 

55. What is, the term ,for the tendency, to judge other cultures, by the standards of one’s own culture?

Ans. “Ethnocentrism”..

 

56. Which sociological, perspective emphasizes, the ways in which individuals, and groups actively create, and maintain social order, through shared meanings, and symbols?

Ans. “Symbolic interactionism”..

 

57. What term, refers, to the process, by which individuals learn ,and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a culture?

Ans. “Socialization”..

 

58. Who did introduce, the concept ,of (status inconsistency”),to describe the situation, in which an individual holds contradictory social statuses?

Ans. “Gerhard Lenski”..

 

59. What is, the term ,for the systematic study of human populations, including their size, composition, and distribution,?

Ans. “Demography”..

 

60. Which sociological, perspective focuses, on the ways in which social structures, and institutions shape individual behaviour, and opportunities,?

Ans. “Structural functionalism”..

61. Who did introduce, the concept, of (liquid modernity), to describe the fluid, and unstable nature of contemporary social life, in the postmodern era?

Ans. “Zygmunt Bauman”..

 

62. What is, the term, for the process, by which individuals strategically present themselves in online environments, to manage impressions, and construct identities,?

Ans. “Digital self-presentation”..

 

63. Which sociological, perspective focuses, on the ways, in which individuals navigate, and negotiate social norms, and expectations within everyday interactions,?

Ans. “Microsociology”..

64. What term, refers, to the tendency to judge individuals based on stereotypes, and assumptions connected, with their perceived social category rather ,than their individual characteristics?

Ans. “Stereotype threat”..

 

65. Who did introduce, the concept of (emotional labor), to describe the management of emotions ,to meet the expectations of a job role?

Ans. “Arlie Hochschild”..

 

66. What is ,the term, for the process, by which formerly distinct cultures, economies, and societies become increasingly inter-connected, and interdependent,?

Ans. “Globalization”..

 

67. Which sociological, perspective emphasizes the ways, in which language shapes our perceptions of reality, and influences social interactions,

Ans. “Semiotics”..

 

68. What term, refers, to the unconscious biases, and prejudices, that influence our perceptions, attitudes, and behaviours toward members of certain social groups?

Ans. “Implicit bias”..

 

69. Who did introduce ,the concept of, (technological determinism), to describe the idea, that technology shapes society, and culture, rather than the other way around?

Ans. “Marshall McLuhan”..

 

70. What is, the term, for the process by which individuals, and groups resist dominant ideologies, and structures of power, through everyday actions, and practices?

Ans. “Everyday resistance”..

 

71. Which sociological ,perspective focuses, on the ways in which social institutions, and practices are gendered, reinforcing, and perpetuating inequalities between men and women?

Ans. “Feminist sociology”..

 

72. What term, refers, to the cultural, economic, and political dominance of Western societies, and values around the world?

Ans. “Westernization”..

 

73. Who did introduce, the concept of (racial formation), to describe the ways in which racial categories, are socially constructed, and transformed over time?

Ans. “Michael Omi and Howard Winant”..

 

74. What is, the term, for the process, by which individuals come to understand, and navigate their own social identities, in relation to others?

Ans. “Identity formation”..

 

75. Which sociological, perspective focuses, on the ways, in which individuals ,and groups use symbols, and language to create, and negotiate social reality?

Ans. “Symbolic interactionism”..